Cervical cancer often develops slowly and may not present any noticeable signs or symptoms in its early stages. However, as the cancer progresses, certain signs and symptoms may become apparent. Here are the common signs and symptoms associated with cervical cancer:

1. Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding:

• Bleeding between periods: Irregular or unexpected bleeding that occurs between normal menstrual periods.
• Bleeding after sexual intercourse: Post-coital bleeding is a common symptom of cervical cancer.
• Bleeding after menopause: Any vaginal bleeding after menopause is a concerning symptom and should be investigated.
• Heavier or longer-than-normal periods: Menstrual periods that last longer or are significantly heavier than usual can be a symptom.

2. Unusual Vaginal Discharge:

• Watery, bloody, or foul-smelling discharge: This can occur at any time and may be heavier than usual or have an unusual odour.

3. Pain or Discomfort:

• Pelvic pain: Persistent pelvic pain that is not related to the menstrual cycle may be a sign of cervical cancer.
• Pain during intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) can be a symptom of advanced cervical cancer.

4. Urinary Symptoms:

• Difficulty urinating: Tumors can press on the bladder or urethra, causing problems with urination.
• Frequent urination: An increased need to urinate may occur if cancer is affecting nearby organs.
• Blood in the urine: Haematuria (blood in urine) can be a symptom if cancer has spread to the bladder.

5. Bowel Symptoms:

• Changes in bowel habits: Constipation, diarrhoea, or changes in stool consistency can occur if the cancer affects the rectum or nearby organs.
• Blood in stool: Blood in bowel movements may be a sign that cervical cancer has spread to the gastrointestinal tract.

6. Leg Swelling:

• Swelling of one or both legs: Advanced cervical cancer may cause leg swelling if the tumour blocks lymphatic or blood vessels, leading to lymphoedema.

7. Fatigue:

• Unexplained fatigue: Feeling extremely tired or weak for no apparent reason can be a symptom of cancer or a result of blood loss associated with the cancer.

8. Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite:

• Unexplained weight loss: Significant weight loss without any changes in diet or exercise can occur as cancer progresses.
• Loss of appetite: A reduced desire to eat can also be a symptom in more advanced cases.

9. Back or Leg Pain:

• Persistent back or leg pain: This can occur if the tumour presses on nerves or surrounding tissues.

When to See a Doctor:

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially abnormal vaginal bleeding, unusual discharge, or pain, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Early detection through regular Pap (cervical) smears and HPV testing is crucial for preventing and catching cervical cancer at an early stage when it is more treatable.

Importance of Screening:

• Pap/Cervical Smear: Regular smears can detect precancerous changes in the cervix, allowing for early intervention before cancer develops.
• HPV Testing: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of cervical cancer, and HPV testing can help assess your risk.

Early cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, so regular screening is vital for early detection.